![]() ![]() Diastolic heart failure (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) In this type of heart failure, fluid may back up in the lungs, causing symptoms such as shortness of breath. Examples include diastolic heart failure and systolic heart failure. ![]() This type of heart failure affects the left side of the heart. Some can be categorised by the side of the heart in which they occur. The heart muscle may become damaged and weak, and eventually, the ventricles may stretch so much that the heart cannot pump enough blood through the body. In heart failure, the left ventricle may not fill between beats or may have become stiff and unable to squeeze effectively. The ejection fraction result is used to help determine the severity of heart failure and to guide treatment. A healthy heart will have an ejection fraction of 50 per cent or higher – it pumps out at least half the volume of blood that fills its chambers with each beat. How well the heart is pumping can be measured by how much blood is pumped out with each beat (ejection fraction). The right side of the heart can also be involved, or both sides. Heart failure typically begins with the left side of the heart, in particular the left ventricle – the heart’s main pumping chamber. Sudden (acute) heart failure may be caused by the following. Infections and other diseases: These can contribute to the slow development of heart failure.Irregular heartbeat: Having an abnormal heart rhythm such as atrial fibrillation may cause the heart to work extra hard. ![]() Congenital heart defects: If a person is born with problems with their heart’s structure, such as chambers or valves that have not formed correctly, the rest of the heart has to work harder to pump blood.Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis): This is most commonly caused by a virus, including the COVID-19 virus.Over time, this can make the heart muscle too stiff or too weak to properly pump blood. High blood pressure (hypertension): The heart has to work harder than normal to pump blood around the body in high blood pressure.A heart attack can damage the heart muscle to the extent that the heart can no longer pump normally. Heart attack: This occurs when blood supply to the heart is completely cut off.In this disease, atherosclerotic plaque builds up in the arteries, reducing blood supply to the heart. Coronary heart disease: This is the most common cause of heart failure.It often develops after other conditions have weakened or damaged the heart, such as the following. Moreover, it also serves as a reference textbook for medical students, residents and fellows dealing in everyday practice with fluid overloaded and oliguric patients.Heart failure usually develops slowly and gets progressively worse (chronic heart failure), although it can occur suddenly. Clearly structured and written, the present book is a practical tool for physicians and professionals involved in the management and care of patients with combined heart and kidney disorders. Subsequently, different conditions leading to fluid overload are described, followed by an account of emerging diagnostic tools, therapies and technologies devoted to the treatment of patients with severe fluid-related disorders. In the first section, the authors present new definitions for heart failure, acute kidney injury and cardiorenal syndromes to facilitate the process of understanding the complex link between the heart and the kidney. The present publication is divided into four parts: Definition and Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Therapy. A thorough assessment of the fluid status of the patient may help guide the therapy and prevent complications induced by inappropriate therapeutic strategies. Fluid overload is often observed in patients with heart failure and secondary oliguric states. ![]()
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